Appearances Can Be Deceiving free essay sample

David Beckhams $25m claim for libel and slander rejected by US judge In this case with David Beckhams $25m claim for libel and slander of a celebrity magazine that alleged he slept with a prostitute, Irma Nici age 26. US judge rejected his claim, the libel laws in the US are more favourable to defendants. In this case, public figures where they attempt to bring a libel action in the US must be proved actual malice. The judge states that David Beckham is a public figure and his laywers did not succeed to produce enough evidence that In Touch acted with malice. In addition, of infidelity by Beckham would be of interest to the public. Beckhams lawyer said David was visiting his sick father in Englamd at the time. Kendall asked the judge to allow the case to proceed but refused. The lawyer of In Touchs owner, Elizabeth McNamara insisted that the company did everything possible to corroborate details from Nicis interview and McNamara tol the court that Nici was entirely consistent with Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Appearances Can Be Deceiving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Beckhams reputation as a serial philanderer. The company and lawyer Elizabeth were pleased that the court followed the law and did the correct thing. Beckham said the claims were completely false and that caused distress in his family along with never even meeting the woman named Nici nor ever paid to have an affair with her. Bauer argued that In Touch merely reported where it is believed to be true. Beckhams publicist Jeff Raymond said the company have not provided not a piece of evidence to support the claim is vividly true. Beckham and his lawyers stateWe have already won a court ruling in Germany and are awaiting damages. Unfortunately, the US legal system requires us to show that the magazine acted maliciously. Any knowledgeable person knows this story not to be true, and we will continue to fight this in court and the decision will be appealed I think that David Beckham shouldnt have to worry about what the media is stating about him. Seriously, we live in a world where the media is often exagerrating about anything to make profit out of it. The media is being bribed by other people with large amounts of money that want to mess up someone elses reputation. Also, claiming $25m for to the US judge? Really? The judge isnt going to waiste his/her time to  a celebrity claiming what a celebrity magazine writes about them. I say grow up David, and not to waiste tax payers money for a stupid claim and go to another country who actually cares. I find that actually ridiculous, I am glad the judge refused this case.

Free Essays on Stonewall Jackson

One of the most famous generals of the American Civil was Thomas Jonathan Jackson who served under Confederate General Robert E. Lee. During the First Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, Jackson’s brigade faced overwhelming odds. General Barnard E. Bee, seeing Jackson’s line holding firm, said, â€Å"There is Jackson standing like a stone wall.† Hence from then on he was called Stonewall by his troops. Jackson was one out of many great generals during the Civil War, but he himself set the rest aside. He is perhaps the greatest of all of the generals during the Civil War. He was always known to be a military man and during the Civil War he brought out his skills and was declared a military genius by both the North and the South. His tactics were amazing and how he put great thought and detail into his strategic battles. Jackson’s young live wasn’t very pleasant by today’s standards. As a young boy he was an orphan, but Jackson rose above what he was expected of and became much higher than anyone could have ever dreamed he’d be. As a young man Jackson attended the U.S. Military’s academy at West Point. He was a bright student he finished in the top 60% of his class and for his situation that was quite an accomplishment. Jackson’s year of graduation was greeted by the Mexican War and he was sent off to action as a fresh officer just out of West Point. He would accomplish the rank of a Major by the time the war ended. Jackson had fought in a many battles in the Mexican war, but it seemed that almost all of them had little to no impact on the war. His first major battle that impacted a war was the Battle of Bull Run. His strategy was as a stern as a mule and Jackson held that hill with him and his five Virginia regiments. Then in the spring of 1862 a campaign was held that also helped to enhance Jackson’s fame. The campaign was held at the Shenandoah Valley in which Jackson helped to keep a moral high amongst the Sou... Free Essays on Stonewall Jackson Free Essays on Stonewall Jackson If you ask the average American student â€Å"who was Stonewall Jackson? The vast majority would answer â€Å"a famous Civil War solider.† Thomas Jackson is famous in the South for being one of the most famous and influential leaders of the Southern Confederate Army during The War Between the States. Thomas Jackson was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, on January 21, 1824. His father, Johnathon ,was a very distinguished lawyer. He was the third to be born of four children. His youngest sister, Elizabeth, was born in 1819, Warren, 1821, and Laura Ann, 1826. Of these family members, one could assume that the deaths of his sister, at age six, followed by his father, at thirty-six, were psychologically significant in his life, and perhaps they contributed greatly to his overwhelmingly precautious decisions and â€Å"odd† behavior throughout his life. This is more clearly suggested by witnesses and friends who labeled him as a hypochondriac because of his unusual posture. His posture was, at least, described by him as unnatural and he would always sit up straight because he didn’t want to bend his internal organs or â€Å"innards† as he would call them. When he first enrolled at West Point he was very shy, keeping to his self initially along with having a pers onality that was hard to label. In early childhood, he developed both an interest in the principles of Christianity and became inspired through military history. Jackson rose through the ranks to become General in a serious of assignments, which started, in May of 1863, and ended in May 10, 1863. The most famous accomplishment was seen in his defeat of Grant's Union Army under Freemont in the winter with his 1st Brigade and 2nd Corps division of the Shenandoah Valley. This campaign was to hold the Northern Virginia Line which was so successful, that it granted him the title of [L.T.] General. "Stonewall" Jackson that we know of today. Jackson’s sense of loyalty and obligation ... Free Essays on Stonewall Jackson One of the most famous generals of the American Civil was Thomas Jonathan Jackson who served under Confederate General Robert E. Lee. During the First Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, Jackson’s brigade faced overwhelming odds. General Barnard E. Bee, seeing Jackson’s line holding firm, said, â€Å"There is Jackson standing like a stone wall.† Hence from then on he was called Stonewall by his troops. Jackson was one out of many great generals during the Civil War, but he himself set the rest aside. He is perhaps the greatest of all of the generals during the Civil War. He was always known to be a military man and during the Civil War he brought out his skills and was declared a military genius by both the North and the South. His tactics were amazing and how he put great thought and detail into his strategic battles. Jackson’s young live wasn’t very pleasant by today’s standards. As a young boy he was an orphan, but Jackson rose above what he was expected of and became much higher than anyone could have ever dreamed he’d be. As a young man Jackson attended the U.S. Military’s academy at West Point. He was a bright student he finished in the top 60% of his class and for his situation that was quite an accomplishment. Jackson’s year of graduation was greeted by the Mexican War and he was sent off to action as a fresh officer just out of West Point. He would accomplish the rank of a Major by the time the war ended. Jackson had fought in a many battles in the Mexican war, but it seemed that almost all of them had little to no impact on the war. His first major battle that impacted a war was the Battle of Bull Run. His strategy was as a stern as a mule and Jackson held that hill with him and his five Virginia regiments. Then in the spring of 1862 a campaign was held that also helped to enhance Jackson’s fame. The campaign was held at the Shenandoah Valley in which Jackson helped to keep a moral high amongst the Sou...

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Assignment Example Blending the scholarship between the insightful narratives, the story line of this book portrays an extraordinary woman who comes out boldly to challenge the unwritten codes and some barriers of the social hierarchy and goes ahead to dare seek some measure of personal independence in the male-dominated world. This book gives a summary and analysis of the record case that is found in the Florentine archives1. In this book, the class difference is not only revelatory basing on the way that the law handled people of different social classes, but it also bases on how social class was subject in handling matters of love. Just in the same way that class played a role in affecting romance in Renaissance Florence is also evident in Giovanni’s initial pursuit of Lusanna’ love. Giovanni falls in love with Lusanna despite the fact that her husband is still alive, and goes ahead to try and start a relationship with her. Despite the fact that Giovanni is rich and many girls are afte r him, he only loves Lusanna. In this case, the custom was to seek to marry just for the purpose of increasing social status or tying together the important families, but not marrying each other because of love. For this, social class is evident in comparison of Giovanni and Lusanna, but Giovanni argues that he wants to marry Lusenna not because of increasing social ties, but because he is deeply in love with her. Social class is not only the difference separating the love story between Giovanni and Lusanna, but there is also an aspect of gender. Lusanna is the rare exception among many women of her time, and thus making it not possible to categorize her as in any major roles that women adopted in this community. Women of her class would be typical â€Å"chaste wives and widows or cloistered nuns,† but not passionate and driven just as Lusanna was. All through this case Giovanni was determined to prove that their relationship was strong and had started way back before the dea th of Lusanna’s husband Andrea, and that her willingness to not only to participate in this relationship that was making her mush happier than her marriage seizes the initiative of classifying different from the set of other women in her era, in that she participates in the illicit relationship. Another aspect that existed between these different classes of lives is the double standard existing in relation to sex. According to the social norms of the community, adultery was forbidden in the Florence play. Both the secular and religious laws also forbid and even punished adultery, such as the same case that Lusanna portrayed while married to Andrea. There is also an aspect of influence in the justice system following the class difference. For instance, Lusanna was the one who filed a case against Giovanni for attempting to marry another woman while they are married. In this society, rich people had the capacity of bribing the justice system, something that would have made Giov anni walk free. Archbishop Antoninus was the only leader with the capacity of rejecting such bribes and influence from the rich class in this society, thus suiting him to preside over this case. However, the author states that the same judge would have known of Giovanni’s influence and financial power, leading him to uphold the complaint filed by Lusanna. The status difference that was separating Lusanna and Giovanni is

Land and water use in the USA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Land and water use in the USA - Research Paper Example he manmade pollution of the water bodies by dumping of chemicals and intentional applications of pesticides and over the surface, certainly affects the water quality, underground or above the surface. Hence, it is necessary that use of land should suit the water available in the area, while care must be taken to avoid the contamination of water, at all levels. In addition, it is equally essential that water is not wasted, while it is used for irrigation and other purposes. This is particularly important, as the population grows and the per capita demand of water increases. However, with the limited resources of water, excess use of same for land irrigation and other purposes may leave us without sufficient drinking water. In most of the cases, the land is not used properly but misused intentionally, to maximize profits from the agricultural and industrial produce. This human activity certainly contaminates the area surrounding the particular region, along with the ground water of the area. However, the criteria for determining the magnitude of contamination of water in certain area would involve considering the process of contamination, while referring to different underground water sources. For example, the water in a well can be contaminated while the water charge for the same passes through the comminuted area before reaching the well. Accordingly, every well has a â€Å"contributing area†, which is responsible for the water quality in the well. Similarly the water bodies like streams, lakes and rivers can have contaminated water, which depends on the land use of their contributing area. The following guide map shows an indicative pattern of pollutants that occur either freely or are genera ted by manmade activities. The rainfall in the area accelerates the movement of these contaminants. The naturally moving contaminants are shown as white arrows, while the hatched arrows indicate the flow of other pollutants, resulting due to human activities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(

Medication Management Review Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medication Management Review Questions - Essay Example Schedule 7 drugs have high to extremely high toxicity require special precautions in their manufacture, handling, or use they also require special regulations restricting their availability, possession or use. Also known as, a central line or CVC is long, soft, thin, hollow tube that is placed into a large vein. A central line is much like an intravenous catheter that is placed in a small vein in an arm, except that a central line is longer and is placed in a large vein leading to the heart in the neck, upper chest, leg, or arm. Bonnie Fahy, RN, MN, Marianna Sockrider, MD, DrPH "Defining Addiction, Physical And Psychological Dependence To Drugs, Alcohol And Other Related Addictions." Drug Rehabilitation .The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University:"Wasting the Best and the Brightest: Substance Abuse at America’s Colleges and Universities", March 2007. Myers, David G. Psychology. 9th Ed. Beilin Y, Arnold I, Telfeyan C, Bernstein HH, Hossain S (2000). "Quality of Analgesia When Air versus Saline Is Used For Identification of the Epidural Space in the Parturient". Reg Anesth Pain Med 25

Internet Freedom of Speech and Censorship

Internet Freedom of Speech and Censorship The United States, a bastion of democracy to the world, has long recognized the importance of freedom of expression to safeguard democracy and grow as a nation. It is a right enshrined in the very first provision of the United States Constitution. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution, adopted in 1791, provides that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Although freedom of speech enjoys heightened protection from the government, this protection is not really absolute. The Supreme Court imposes some very narrow restrictions which are deemed not fully protected under the First Amendment. These include advocacy of imminent illegal conduct, defamation, obscenity, and fraudulent misrepresentation. In any of these categories, the speech should be suppressed because of its harmful content (Wang, page 1). Freedom of speech is equally a dangerous right because with it goes the freedom to deviate against established rules and norms or to go against the status quo and advocate change. As such, all over the world, it is also the most threatened right. Many in the United States today, that include several citizens groups with specific advocacies, are pushing for censorship of the freedom of speech which interestingly finds expression in many varied forms. The internet is one arena that has lately been the target of these efforts as it provides practically everyone with the ability to communicate their ideas to wide audiences and conveniently escapes the ability of the state to control it. The internet, composed of millions of computers and telephone lines that are inter-connected and networked, have scant rules regarding what can be said and done with no one tasked to supervise the users as well no certain authority that controls it Time and again, court cases have ruled against censorship but many still continue to fight to limit the freedom of expression. Government, for one, regularly undertakes efforts to regulate, restrict, or even prohibit a great many types of speech, often with popular support from the public. One reason for censorship of speech that is gaining strong following among the citizenry is the widespread proliferation and publication of extremely offensive materials that glorify violence and pornography. In his essay â€Å"Censorship Can Be Beneficial,† Thomas Stork says, â€Å"Now if we can identify certain evils and if advocacy of those evils seems likely to encourage people to commit them, then why should we not take the next and logical step and prohibit such advocacy†¦ Must the authorities be helpless to restrain the source of the evil?† (As cited in Planet Papers, page 1). The general American public certainly wants not only to be protected from violence, but they also want to keep material out of the hands of those who are unable to handle the ideas and themes presented in such material. For instance, it can not be argued that small children do not have the maturity to view pornographic material or be exposed to extreme violence on television and that exposing them to such kind of â€Å"entertainment† is detrimental to their development. Many believe that pornography is equally harmful to adults. The issue of censorship versus free speech has been, since time immemorial, a hotly contested subject.  With the dawn of the electronic age, the birth and progress of the internet and the increasing use of electronic media for the dissemination of information, new questions over First Amendment rights are being raised.  A lot of issues and concerns have been raised that borders around Web access to pornographic materials by minors, gambling on the Internet and the posting of abusive content on newsgroups. Web sites have been created promoting censorship in the Internet like â€Å"Filtering Facts†, an online source for information on making Internet access in libraries safe for children and communities and â€Å"Enough is Enough† which aims to protect children and families from illegal pornography on the Internet. Filtering, rests on the premise that technology can solve the problem technology created. Filters block out Web sites with offensive content, usually based on keywords or lists complied by the filter developer. Filter supporters say the technology is ideal because it empowers parents and blocks out speech without silencing the speaker. In February 1996, Congress moved to pass a law, the Communications Decency Act (CDA) which prohibited the posting of indecent or patently offensive materials in a public forum on the Internet including web pages, newsgroups, chat rooms, or online discussion lists. The Children’s Online Protection Act, tried to ban material harmful to minors and In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Childrens Internet Protection Act (CIPA) which requires schools and public libraries receiving federal funding to install internet filters or blocking software. Another way of making Internet communications more secure is encryption, which is a technique for encoding messages, making the person who has the encryption key the only one who can read the message. These programs have been available for years, but law enforcement officials were concerned that criminals and terrorists will use the programs to send messages they cant break. Under heavy pressure from the technology industry, and after a 1999 appeals court ruling that said creating encryption programs is a form of free speech, the federal government essentially gave up trying to control encryption technology. In the wake of Sept. 11, the debate over encryption has been reopened, and Congress has made it easier for authorities to use electronic surveillance. Forums and Chatrooms frequently have moderators, who will edit or remove material against the rules of that community. The scope of these rules varies from community to community some will want material to be suitable for a specif ic audience, whilst others only require discussions to be kept within the law. In a landmark decision on June 26, 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that the Internet is a unique medium entitled to the highest protection under the free speech protections of the First Amendment giving it the same free speech protection as print. It was a victory for the Citizens Internet Empowerment Coalition (CIEC), a broad coalition of library and civil liberties groups, online service providers, newspaper, book, magazine and recording industry associations, and over 56,000 individual Internet users which represents the entire breadth of the Internet community. The CIEC was assembled in February 1996 to challenge the CDA on the grounds that the Internet is a unique communications medium, different from traditional broadcast mass media which deserves broad First Amendment protections. Rejoicing with the CIEC in their victory are the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT) which has been promoting the future of the First Amendment and free expression in the Information age and the Electronic Frontier Foundation which protects rights and freedom in the electronic environment. Clamor for censorship of the freedom of speech, whether in broadcast or print media, in television or motion picture, in culture or arts, or in the electronic medium of the Web or the Net, are mostly based on moral and ethical considerations which can be highly subjective depending on the individual’s beliefs, culture, principles, and many other factors. However, if we are to read and understand every word in the First Amendment, there was no mention of any restriction whatsoever; the emphasis rather was on providing equal rights to everyone. If this is so, neither the government nor individuals have the constitutional right to censor the other on the basis that his or her statements may be hateful or prejudicial because the law guarantees the right to express one’s thoughts vocally or in writing without fear of retaliation. What one may say need not be popular or correct. I really do not think that censorship is a solution to the atmosphere of violence, obscenity and other social concerns pervading American society today. Censorship may even be harmful as it gives a temporary feeling of false security. Freedom of speech is just among the many rights guaranteed under the Constitution. The risk, however, is allowing our other rights to be diminished in the end. This is in contravention to the fundamentals of democracy and right to dignity which have been specifically enshrined in our Constitution for us to exercise our liberty and live without fear and prejudice. Today, millions of people are combating internet censorship through writing Blogs as well as by forming organizations that raise the people’s awareness regarding Internet censorship. An example would be the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) which opposes Internet censorship and as such, has filled several lawsuits against censorship laws. In 2007, the Childrens Online Protection Act (COPA) which made information that can be harmful to minors illegal even if the same information is necessary to adults, was brought to the federal court by the UCLA saying that it was unconstitutional. The development of a new medium always creates new anxieties. Gutenbergs press prompted two centuries of debate over whether the spread of books would corrupt society. Privacy and free speech are already among the nations most difficult social issues; and it would be startling if the Internet did not raise new concerns about both of them. Even the Internet itself is only the beginning. The electronic age is creating an entirely new medium, one that combines the interactive Internet with older media like TV, radio, print, mail, and the telephone. he questions of how to balance personal privacy and public safety have become all the more urgent since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. The â€Å"war on terrorism† evolves daily, even as the technology continues to evolve. The publics opinions about this medium are in flux and their views on free speech and privacy were far from settled to begin with. A Planet of Publishers Press critic A.J. Liebling once said that freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one. Thanks to the Internet, millions of individuals now have the power that formerly only belonged to the owners of printing presses and broadcast licenses the power to spread their views, whether profound or profane, to a worldwide audience. That has prompted a remarkable burst of creativity, but it has also provided hate groups and pornographers with a low-cost way of spreading their messages to anyone, including children, with a personal computer. So far, the U.S. government has supported two approaches to dealing with offensive content: regulation and filtering. Two major attempts at regulation have been struck down by the courts, either in whole or in part. The first, the Communications Decency Act of 1996, would have made publishing indecent or patently offensive material on the Internet a federal offense. The U.S. Supreme Court, in ACLU vs. Reno, came down firmly on the side of granting the highest free-speech protection to the Internet and struck down the indecency portions of the law. A second law, the Children’s Online Protection Act, tried to ban material harmful to minors. The Supreme Court sent the law back to a lower court for further review in May 2002, effectively blocking enforcement for the time being. The other tactic, filtering, rests on the premise that technology can solve the problem technology created. Filters block out Web sites with offensive content, usually based on keywords or lists complied by the filter developer. Filter supporters say the technology is ideal because it empowers parents and blocks out speech without silencing the speaker. Critics say filters are a crude tool at best because they depend on keywords that could crop up on perfectly legitimate sites devoted to breast cancer, AIDS prevention, or the novel Moby Dick. A third federal law would have required all public libraries to use filters, but a federal court threw out the law in 2002, saying filters would block porn and protected speech alike. Your Personal Fish Bowl The Internet itself may seem anonymous, but it is far from private. E-mail can be easily intercepted by anyone with enough technical skill, and Web sites can track substantial information about users, either by voluntary registration or involuntarily through the use of cookies files quietly stored on a visitors computer that will identify them to the Web site on their next visit. One way of making Internet communications more secure is encryption, the technique for coding messages so they can only be read by someone who has the encryption key. Encryption programs have been available for years, and businesses contend that strong encryption is critical to keeping online commerce secure. But even before Sept. 11, law enforcement officials were concerned that criminals and terrorists will use the programs to send messages they cant break. Under heavy pressure from the technology industry, and after a 1999 appeals court ruling that said creating encryption programs is a form of free speech, the federal government essentially gave up trying to control encryption technology. In the wake of Sept. 11, the debate over encryption has been reopened, and Congress has already made it easier for authorities to use electronic surveillance. But the ability of Web sites and hackers to collect information pales next to the newfound power technology gives to governments and marketers. Data warehouses are able to mix information from different sources to create a single, detailed profile of an individual, including vital statistics, how much they earn, what they buy, the state of their health, their interests, what they read, and more. And all of that information is for sale to direct marketers, current and potential employers, or just anybody willing to pay for it. Already, as part of the war on terrorism, the federal government and financial services companies are discussing how to use their databases to flag suspicious activity. Current privacy laws are rarely enforced and would offer spotty protection even if they were. The Supreme Court has upheld a federal law barring states from selling information they collect, such as voter registrations and motor vehicle records, to direct marketers. References: Communications Decency Act. Center for Democracy Technology. 2008. 2 May 2008 . â€Å"Speak Your Mind: The Censorship Controversy in American Culture. Planet Papers. 2006. 1 May 2008 http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/5616.php â€Å"Supreme Court Rules CDA Unconstitutional.† Citizens Internet Empowerment Coalition. 2008. 2 May 2008 . Wang, Xinyi. Freedom of Speech in the United States Constitution. Perspectives. 30 Apr 2001. 2 May 2008 .

Cyberspace :: essays papers

Cyberspace Computers and Cyberspace When does reality end and cyberspace begin? Can crimes committed in cyberspace be punished in reality? Can a â€Å"cyber relationship† have the same rules as a relationship in reality? Basically, is cyberspace part of regular life or is it a world created by us with ever changing and moving norms? Often, people make comment that they become so focused on something and it becomes a part of their life, an extension of them. I feel the same can be said of cyberspace. Reality is what you make it, and that can also include the universe that you see on the computer screen. The cyber world is a society just like the outside world we live in is a society. With increasing ways to access this world, the two worlds are now beginning to overlap and some would even say collide. Some have become so enwrapped in this separate existence with instant messenger, e-mail, chat rooms, and message boards, the internet has seemingly replaced get-togethers, night clubs, bars, and meetings as the number one social gathering place. More people are wired to this world than you will ever meet in a club, so why leave home, this is the best way to meet people. However, it is unfortunate that this also involves taking you away from the reality that is around you right now. Many ignore priorities such as family, friends, and even work to be a part of cyberspace. It has almost become a form of addiction for some. Should crimes committed in cyberspace be grounds for punishment here in the real outside world? Well, I think it depends on the level of crime. If you should threaten someone online, you should receive a ban from that location, but not be arrested. If you should continue that activity, then it will be assessed then, but for first time offenders, a strict warning or ban is harsh enough. The thought of losing out on that experience ever again is enough to stop most. More serious and special case offenders such as pedophiles who are putting kiddie porn on the internet or trying to lure children in chat rooms, should be prosecuted to the same extent as those we find in normal society. The same can be said for online embezzlers and hackers, it is no different to break into a company’s front door than it is to steal from them online.

Legal Compliance with Un Directives

Beyond Bricks : A report on a new proposed business plan in the field of renewable energy 2013 Strategy Builders Consulting Inc. 2/5/2013 Introduction Sustainable development and renewable energy are among the most talked about topics at the moment. Renewable energy is the concept that the think tanks are throwing their weight behind, and the same is true for the European Union (EU, henceforth) The business model that we are going to propose, deals with promoting renewable energy resources, and has a lot of other elements to it, which are all in compliance with the vision that the EU has in place.The existing real estate agency in question is functional in both the residential as well industrial sectors. As a result of your operations, you have a strong and commendable network in place, which can be utilised in furthering our recommended business model. According to the ‘Energy 20:20’ vision of the EU, every new building must comply with renewable energy standards, set b y regulations. The existing and old buildings will also have to modify their installations to meet the new requirements.Considering that improving energy efficiency is high on importance for the EU, and for the entire developed world, we anticipate that the authorities are going to be fairly stringent on the issue of compliance of the said regulations. In approximately 7-9 years from today, it is going to be mandatory for buildings to meet the new set of criteria. Since we are still some distance away from the 2020 milestone, there is a fair chance of exploiting the time and reaping benefits. The Concept We propose to set up a model, wherein we facilitate installation as well as replacement of efficient and renewable energy components.We will have to tie up with providers of renewable energy sources and provide their services and products to our customers, who buy property from us. This service will also include our previous customers who would be looking to replace their current el ectricity system with renewable energy. In addition to promoting and facilitating use of renewable energy, we also propose to set up a carbon capture and storage unit and mechanism for our industrial installations. We will form alliances with small scale providers of these mechanisms and provide their services and goods to our customers.In addition to the task of acting as an intermediary, we also propose to employ and train a team of technicians, who will provide maintenance and after sales services to the customers. For this maintenance team, we will hire young, unemployed people from lower sections of the economy, who will be trained by our energy providing partners, and this initiative will hence, help in improving their societal placement. We also propose to tie up with an energy efficiency certification agency, so that our customers can easily obtain certifications.Rationale behind the concept The Commission says that EU must embrace renewable sources, not only to slow the cli mate changes but also because the EU's reliance on imported gas that is set to increase from 57% currently to 84% by 2030, and on imported oil from 82% to 93%. Hence the EU sets the goal of 1. Increasing renewable energy's share of the market to 20% by 2020, from around 8. 5% today. 2. Energy consumption is to be cut by 20% by 2020 through improved energy efficiency compared to 1990 levels. 3.Green house gas emissions are to be cut by 20% by 2020 compared with 1990 levels. The commission says states aid can legitimately be used to promote emissions cuts and increase take-up of renewables, so long as it does not breach EU competition rules. The commission has come up with new proposals for the EU to co-finance national and local schemes to promote energy-efficient housing. The EU will help member states install double glazing, wall insulation and solar panels in housing, especially targeting low-income households. The customersThe target group of customers for this business will be o ur own existing and new customers. Evidently, since renewable sources of energy are more expensive when compared to their non renewable counterparts, there might be an initial reluctance from the customers, to shell additional Euros. To educate them about the benefits of cleaner energy, their carbon footprint, as well as the impending EU regulations, we propose to have an â€Å"Energy Consultant†, who will lay out plans, a cost-benefit analysis and answer any questions that the customers might have.The existing customers will actually be a more vital part of this proposed business model, because they will be the ones who will be replacing their existing electricity systems into renewable sources, and they will form a bigger proportion of the revenue pool, because their numbers will exceed the number of new buildings coming up. The new business concept will have to be communicated to the existing customers using our contact database, and then the consultant/s will be functiona l in bringing them onboard with the new ideas.Scope of the Model: Target Market France’s real estate environment is in perpetual change from the classical renting to owner/occupant system and the trend is visible from the 1960’s to date whereby 45% of the people rented v/s 42 % owned to 38 % (renting) and 57% (ownership). The renting environment is currently made of 54 % of private sector housing and 46 % of social housing. Furthermore, out of the 9. 8 million private sector residences for rental purposes, 4. 5 million are HLM (habitation a loyer modere) or project housing.With these housing projects housing most of the poor populations, the costs of energy by legacy providers such as EDF is high and hence the costs of electricity and heating is an additional burden. The available housing is also relatively old (40%) of private rental properties built before 1948 and the needs for upgrading these properties to comply with EU regulation is tremendous. 60% of the rental property is also located in metropolis of 100000+ inhabitants with most of the rural housing being privately owned.The remote locations have lesser choices in terms of energy providers as the small scale providers are only present on part of the territory. The lack of competition drives prices high and slows the implementation of cleaner energy. As for the low income housing projects, most of them were built between 1950-1970 (50%) and due to high density and low maintenance, they require even more urgent upgrades to both comply with regulation and help the government in its housing policy making.By pairing up with smaller scale energy providers across the board from wind power harvesters like Planete Oui to solar energy providers like Direct Energy, we are creating a partnership with smaller scale EU based energy producers (as opposed to EDF) and we are encouraging competition, hence lowering costs for customers. Besides, this partnership can lead to training of young unemployed pe ople in the housing projects in electrical engineering/maintenance, hence contributing to fight unemployment. Besides, he youth know their neighborhood needs better and by outsourcing routine maintenance, the energy providers can save a lot in terms of travel costs for their maintenance teams. The Suppliers: Our role in this business model will be that of a facilitator, a middle-man of sorts. We will bring about the connection between renewable energy providers and willing buyers. We will focus on producers of wind power and solar power. We wish to focus on the smaller players in the market, because not only will in promote them, it will potentially increase competition in the energy market in France, where EDF is the largest supplier now.It will also be easier logistically for us to tie up with smaller producers. Our alliance will be based on a commission based system, where we will receive a commission based on the business volume from the producers, as we will be functional in en hancing their reach, network and business. Minimum Compliance Requirements: The states are obliged to comply with the above methodology in order to achieve cost-optimal levels. The level of these requirements is reviewed every 5  years.When setting requirements, Member States may differentiate between new and existing buildings and between different categories of buildings. New buildings  shall comply with these requirements and undergo a feasibility study before construction starts, looking at the installation of renewable energy supply systems, heat pumps, district or block heating or cooling systems and cogeneration systems. When undergoing major renovation,  existing buildings  shall have their energy performance upgraded so that they also satisfy the minimum requirements.When new, replaced or upgraded technical building systems such as heating systems, hot water systems, air-conditioning systems and large ventilation systems are installed, they shall also comply with th e energy performance requirements. Building elements that form part of the building envelope and have a significant impact on the energy performance of that envelope (for example, window frames) shall also meet the minimum energy performance requirements when they are replaced or retrofitted, with a view to achieving cost-optimal levels. Calculating energy performance:At the national or regional level, the buildings are evaluated by a methodology for calculating the energy performance which takes into account certain elements, specifically: * The thermal characteristics of a building (thermal capacity, insulation, etc. ); * heating insulation and hot water supply; * the air-conditioning installation; * the built-in lighting installation * Indoor climatic conditions The Finance Our research and analysis shows us that the initial start-up investment in the business will be â‚ ¬ 5 million. Out of this sum, we already have â‚ ¬ 1 million at our disposal.Out of the rest, we propose to send an application to the EU, with a request for funding under the EEPR or European Energy Programme for Recovery. We expect the EU to fund between 20% – 50% ( 1 mn – 2. 5 mn Euros ) of our project, and the rest will be sourced from angel investors and bank loans. The EEPR funds projects in three main areas of the energy sector: †¢Gas and electricity infrastructures †¢Off-shore wind energy †¢Carbon capture and storage This Regulation also establishes a financial instrument the aim of which is to support initiatives related to energy efficiency and renewable energy.The programme finances interconnection projects with a number of objectives, out of which, our business model complies with the following objectives: * Diversification of sources of energy and supplies * Optimisation of the capacity of the energy network and the integration of the internal energy market * Developmentof the network * Connection of renewable energy sources In addition to the se objectives, our model also includes carbon capture and storage, and this should facilitate the funding of our project, because it ticks a lot of check boxes on the EU list.Our project is aligned with the 2020 vision of the EU, The new concept goes beyond the classical real estate agent business, as it promotes clean energy use, it promotes SMEs, and it also increases employment among unemployed youth also. Appendix: Objective: Nearly zero-energy buildings By 31  December 2020, all new buildings shall be nearly zero-energy consumption buildings. New buildings occupied and owned by public authorities shall comply with the same criteria by 31  December 2018.The Commission encourages increasing the numbers of this type of building by putting in place  national plans, which include: * The Member State’s application in practice of the definition of nearly zero-energy buildings; * The intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings by 2015; * The information on the policies and financial measures adopted to encourage improving the energy performance of buildings. Financial incentives and market barriers Member States shall draw up a list of the existing and potential instruments used to promote improvements in the energy performance of buildings.This list is to be updated every three years. References http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/europe/7765094. stm http://europa. eu/legislation_summaries/energy/energy_efficiency/en0021_en. htm http://eur-lex. europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do? uri=OJ:L:2010:153:0013:0035:EN:PDF http://europa. eu/legislation_summaries/environment/sustainable_development/l28075_en. htm http://ec. europa. eu/clima/policies/g-gas/index_en. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France http://europa. eu/legislation_summaries/energy/energy_efficiency/l27021_en. htm http://www. territoires. gouv. fr/spip. php? article1173

11 Romantic Spanish Love Quotes (With English Translation)

Romantic Spanish Love Quotes (With English Translation) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Ah, love. Who doesn’t get weak in the knees when they read great love quotes? And since Spanish is a romance language, it makes sense that some of the best quotes about love are in Spanish! But more importantly, reading and understanding quotes is a great way to prepare you for your Spanish SAT and Spanish AP exams. That’s because they often rely on figurative language, which means that the literal translation is different than the phrase’s actual meaning. By studying quotes like these, you gain a better understanding of how to speak, read, and understand Spanish on a more advanced level. In this post, we’re going to help you prepare for your exams by giving you a list list of the best Spanish love quotes with English translation. For each quote, we’ll: Give you the love quote in Spanish Provide the English translation Discuss the meaning of the quote Ready? Let’s get started! Spanish Love Quote #1: A Quote About Eternity Prefiero un minuto contigo a una eternidad sin ti. This sentence literally translates to, â€Å"I prefer a minute with you than an eternity without you.† In other words, you’d rather know (and love!) a person for a short amount of time than live a full life having never known them at all. It’s incredibly romantic...which is why we chose it to kick off our list! This line also teaches you how to set up a comparison in Spanish. You can use the basic form of this sentence to show how one thing is better than the other, which is going to be an important skill for the written portion of your Spanish exams. Memorizing a quote like this one is like having a little grammar shortcut that you can whip out at any time. Spanish Love Quote #2: A Quote About Fighting Rià ±en a menudo los amantes, por el gusto de hacer las paces. Literally, this quotation translates to, â€Å"Lovers quarrel often for the pleasure of making peace.† However, there’s a more figurative way to think of this line, too. At its core, this quote is about passion. In passionate relationships, there’s often a thin line between arguing and attraction. That’s why it’s so common to see this happen in romantic movies. One of our favorite scenes is this one from The Notebook: iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EemLsTG5fX8" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen/iframe This scene shows us that the quote might be right: making up is the best part of a lover’s quarrel! Spanish Love Quote #3: A Quote About Changing Someone Amar a alguien para hacerlo distinto significa asesinarle. The word-for-word translation of this quote is a little gruesome. Literally, it means, â€Å"Loving someone to make them different means murdering them.† But more accurately, this quote is saying that loving someone to try and change who they are is a recipe for disaster. That’s because you’re actually not in love with the person your significant other is...you’re in love with this ideal person you wish they could become! In the end, this quote warns us that trying to change the person you love- rather than loving them for who they are- results in unhappiness for everyone. Spanish Love Quote #4: A Quote About Fear El mayor obstculo para el amor es el temor secreto de no ser dignos de ser amados. This line translates to, â€Å"The greatest obstacle to love is the hidden fear of not being worthy of being loved.† For many people, love can be difficult...but it can sometimes be compounded by how we feel about ourselves. In fact, research suggests that good self-esteem is important to having healthy relationships. In this case, this quote reminds us that it’s just as important to love ourselves as it is to love someone else. Spanish Love Quote #5: A Quote About Young Love Amor de nià ±o, agua en cestillo. Okay, this is one of those quotes where you just have to remember the figurative meaning. Literally, this quote translates to, â€Å"Love of a child, water in basket.† Which, to be fair, doesn’t make much sense at all! In actuality, this quote is saying that young love is fickle. Yeah, we know: it’s one of those things you just have to memorize to understand. (English is full of these idioms that make no sense, like â€Å"cool as a cucumber† for being good under pressure.) But knowing idiomatic phrases like this one- and using them correctly!- can be pretty impressive when you’re writing your exam essays. Spanish Love Quote #6: A Quote About Heartbreak Hay mucho ms donde elegir. What do you do when you- or a friend- goes through a really bad break-up? You know, the type where you were head-over-heels in love, but for some reason, the other person didn’t feel the same? That’s where this quote can come in handy. It translates to, â€Å"There’s a lot more out there to choose from.† But it’s closer in meaning to the English saying, â€Å"there are plenty of fish in the sea.† Heartbreak is painful, and sometimes it feels like you lost â€Å"the one† for you. But this quote is a good reminder that the world is a big place! While breakups are tough, they’re also temporary. If you’re brave enough- and follow the advice from Quote #4 above!- you can find love again. Spanish Love Quote #7: A Quote About Partnership Amar no es mirarse el uno al otro, es mirar juntos en la misma direccià ³n. This sentence has the same literal and figurative meaning. It translates to, â€Å"Love it’s not to look at each other, it’s to look together towards the same direction.† Is loving someone enough for a long, happy relationship? According to this quote, there might be more to it than just affection. And actually, science seems to support this. This article from Psychology Today explains that common reasons for relationships failing are having different expectations or priorities in life than your partner. This quote teaches us that love about more than just thinking the other person is attractive, or even caring deeply about your partner. Long-lasting, loving relationships involve working with your partner to determine where your lives are going, so you can ensure you’re both heading in the same direction. Spanish Love Quote #8: A Quote About Motivation El amor todo lo puede. This sentence translates to, â€Å"Love can do everything.† In other words, love is a powerful motivator. This is a favorite topic of feel-good news stories like this one about a father who runs triathlons with his disabled son, or this story about this man who donated his kidney to his best friend. These are just a few examples of how love can motivate us to do things for other people that we never thought possible. And while that might seem anecdotal at first, science actually supports this idea. Whether it’s love for a partner, a family member, a friend, or even a pet, love can drive us to accomplish amazing things! Spanish Love Quote #9: A Quote About Pain Donde hay amor, hay dolor. But as we all know, love can also be painful, too. That’s why we’ve included this quote in our list, which translates to â€Å"Where there’s love, there’s pain.† Oftentimes, we immediately think of a bad break-up or a divorce as an example of love causing pain. But there are different types of love, too! For example, let’s say you love your school, but your parents get new jobs and you have to move to a new city. You’d probably be pretty upset about it, right? That pain is a result of the love you feel for your teachers and friends. And you’re not alone in feeling a love/pain connection: scientists now believe that love and pain are neurologically interconnected! Given all of that, it's tempting to think of this quote as warning us against love, but that’s not the case. Rather, this saying is a reminder that pain is the price of love, but it doesn’t mean that loving isn’t worth it in the end. Spanish Love Quote #10: A Quote About Dislike No hay amor perdido entre nosotros. This quote, which translates to â€Å"there is no love lost between us,† comes from the famous Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes is perhaps the most famous Spanish author of all time, and he’s most well known for writing Don Quixote. Before he became a writer, Cervantes served in the Spanish military and took part in naval battles as part of the Spanish navy marines. That meant he saw the animosity between people firsthand, so he definitely knew what he was talking about when he wrote this line. To say that there’s â€Å"no love lost† between you and someone else is a polite way to say that you don’t like another person or thing. In fact, it means that you don’t like them at all! (For example, as far as we’re concerned, there’s no love lost between us and Croc shoes, dill pickles, and people who litter). This is just another example of the ways that love and other emotions can be tied together. Spanish Love Quote #: When You Want to Be Honest (but Funny) El amor entra por la cocina. Our last Spanish love quote is another one that has a literal and a figurative translation. Literally, this sentence means, â€Å"Love enters through the kitchen.† But what it’s really saying is that the quickest way to a person’s heart is through their stomach. And if that’s not true, we don’t know what is! The 20 Words and Phrases You Need to Know to Write Your Own Romantic Spanish Quotes Like we mentioned before, the quotes above can help you start to understand Spanish a little better. But the best way to improve your Spanish for the Spanish AP exam is practice...and what better way to do that than by writing your own Spanish love quotes? To get you started, we’ve put together a list of twenty of the most romantic Spanish words and phrases. Check them out below! Spanish Word/Phrase English Translation El abrazo hug El beso kiss novio/novia boyfriend/girlfriend El amor love enamorar to fall in love Eres lindo/Eres linda You’re cute La sonrisa smile extraà ±ar To miss (as in, to miss someone special) Te necesito I need you Te amo I love you Yo tambià ©n te amo I love you, too amar To love carià ±o/a darling Estoy enamorado/a I’m in love prometido/a fiancee El matrimonio marriage besar To kiss corazà ³n heart pasià ³n passion querido/a Loved one What’s Next? Let’s keep the vocabulary work going! Here’s a list of the 71 body parts you should know how to talk about in Spanish- and the two most import rules to remember when talking about body parts in Spanish. But there’s more to learning Spanish than just memorizing vocabulary words. You also have to learn how to conjugate verbs, too. (Actually, conjugation might be the hardest part!) The verb â€Å"to be† is a good place to start because it’s super common and really versatile. This guide not only gives you every conjugation of ser you need to know...but it teaches you how to use ser in a sentence, too! If you’re studying Spanish in school, you might consider taking the SAT Spanish Subject Test. But what is it, exactly? Check out this run-down of the SAT Spanish Subject Test, then pop over and take a peek at our ultimate study guide. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Ashley Robinson About the Author Ashley Sufflà © Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. As a content writer for PrepScholar, Ashley is passionate about giving college-bound students the in-depth information they need to get into the school of their dreams. 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Transition from traditional education to online learning

Transition from traditional education to online learning The propagation of the internet has initiated an upward trend in the provision of online courses in the United States. Numerous educational institutions are offering online programs in courses with high demand, notably the Information Systems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transition from traditional education to online learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the various business forces that enhance the transition from traditional education to online learning are their affordability, accessibility, effectiveness, and the interaction they offers to their participants. Essentially, 90% of learning entails information transfer from the instructor to the students. The speed of information transfer at any time and anywhere through the internet makes online learning relatively cheap compared to the traditional education system. Latest reports suggest that since 1998, the costs of traditional education in the Unit ed States have been soaring at an alarming rate of 5% per annum. However, online learning is exerting downward pressure on these prices. For instance, one community college in Arizona is offering online courses at an affordable cost of $32/credit hour for in-state populace and $67/credit hour for out of state students. Fast acquisition of educational information by students through the internet reduces the time frame for course completion thereby reducing the cost of learning. For example, Officials at University Online Publishing have revealed that online learning reduces the usual 16-week college course to eight weeks making it affordable (Raymond, 2010). The effectiveness of online learning measured by the satisfaction of the learners has influenced the transition from traditional education system tremendously. In many cases, the traditional classroom environment is depicted as teacher centered rather than student centered. The instructor is portrayed as mind numbing lecturer who drones on while the learners sit nonchalantly trying to grasp adequate information for the examination purposes only (Markel, 2004). On the other hand, online learning is acknowledged to be more students centered, collaborative, and provides a democratic learning setting.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Students become self motivated and are able to choose learning activities according to their abilities, interests, and careers. The instructors cease from being lecturers, oracles, and information transmitters to being mentors, facilitators, and guides. Moreover, online learning provides the students with an opportunity to focus extra time and attention on precise content areas thus making it more effective than the traditional system where emphasis on various modules or units of a course are at the instructor’s discretion(Raymond, 2010). In any learning experience, i nteraction between the participants is a major component and has become the most persistent construct in distance education. Online learning offers the aspect of interaction that is lacking in the previous system, hence its rapid transition. The interaction through emails, bulletin boards and chat rooms has done away with the place and time barriers between physically distant learners and their tutors (Raymond, 2010). This interaction has helped reestablish the classroom setting and permitted students to learn in their convenient time and place. E-learning is also eliminating isolation, advocating for unanticipated encounters and providing intellectual swap valuable to all (Raymond, 2010). In fact, learners through e-learning are able to obtain individual and instant response from both their peers and instructors. Online learning is evidently more advantageous and is being recognized as a suitable education system. This has lead to an extremely rapid transition from the traditional educational system. In fact, recent data indicate that part time learners in higher education supersede the number of full time students (Raymond, 2010). Reference Raymond, K. (2010). Quality and Effectiveness of eLearning: Learning-on-Demand Program  (LoD). New York: McGraw-HillAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transition from traditional education to online learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Expatriates Issues in International Joint Ventures Essay

Expatriates Issues in International Joint Ventures - Essay Example Much of the early studies on international staffing was largely descriptive, prescriptive, and lacking in analytical rigor (Dowling et al., 1999). One European critique (Brewster & Scullion, 1997) argued that staffing policies are often developed in isolation from other areas of expatriation policy and fail to connect expatriate selection to the MNE's international business strategy. Researchers are finding more variety in approaches to staffing and other activities (Scullion & Starkey, 2000; Petrovic et al., 2000). Drawing on the speculative concepts of the resource based view, European researchers have endeavored to explain the strategic measurement of expatriate selection. Bonache and Fernandez (1999) explain the linkage between expatriates and spirited advantage by significance the significance of the relocating of tacit knowledge to new markets, through relocating teams rather than just: individual managers and Bonache and Brewster (2001) discover the role of expatriates as inst rument of knowledge transfer. Recent European studies indicates the significance of country specific factors and indicates distinction between countries in international staffing practices. ... utilize fewer. For example, direct expatriate management is mostly well-built in the Far Eastern or Latin American subsidiaries of Japanese and German operating in the automobile or electronic industries, and much less important in the subsidiaries of U.S., French, and British MNEs located in Scandinavian or Anglo-Saxon countries and operating in the food or paper industries. Not all international business activities are staffed by "traditional" expatriates, that is, expatriates on international projects for several years. There are a significant figures, in Europe at least, of self-initiated expatriate experiences (SFEs): group who find their own way to an additional country (Suutari & Brewster, 2000). buying and trade behavior are often behavior by people on short (often, factually, flying) visits. Studies into the selection of expatriates has generally been focused on the more "visible" aspects of these issues such as the criteria used in selection decisions. Studies in Europe, however, also indicate that selection criterion are largely create of the international HR unit: in practice choice on expatriate selection are typically taken by line managers--who often simply pay no attention to the selection criteria espoused by the HR department (Harris & Brewster, 1999). The confirmation on numbers of expatriates is diverse. There are suggestions that the accessibility of people willing to recognize global projects is not escalating fast enough to meet the rapidly growing demand for international managers. Studies suggest that general lack of expatriate managers are mainly sensitive in European MNCs and restrict mutual efforts to develop

Alchol and its effects on health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alchol and its effects on health - Essay Example Binge drinking has become rampant in many parts of the world including Europe (Picture-1). According to a study by Anderson & Baumberg (2006), 55 million adults are estimated to drink at harmful levels in the Europe. Harmful consumption of alcohol means more than 40g of alcohol i.e. 4 drinks a day for men and over 20g i.e. 2 drinks a day by women (Anderson & Baumberg, 2006). To understand the effects of alcohol on the health of humans, it is important to first understand the metabolism of alcohol. The cell membranes of human body are highly permeable to alcohol. Once alcohol is absorbed from the stomach, it reaches every tissue in the body. It is mainly metabolized in the liver. The mode of metabolism is oxidation. The first step in the oxidation is conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and this is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. During this process, NADH (NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is released. The acetaldehyde is further oxidized to acetic acid which then enters the citric acid cycle and metabolized to carbondioxide and water. NADH is used up in the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid, in the synthesis of lipids and in the electron transport chain (Paton, 2005). Most of the damage to cells caused by ethanol is due to acetaldehyde and NADH. Acetaldehyde causes damage due to immune response and increased NADH causes altered NADH/N AD ratio leading to increased oxygen consumption and hypermetabolic state (Tome & Lucey, 2004). The effects of alcohol change over time. This is known as biphasic effect. The side effects depend on the level of intoxication which is again dependent on many other factors like the amount and circumstances of consumption, whether taken before or after meals and also the hydration status of the body. Consumption of alcohol after a heavy meal does not produce much intoxication while consuming on empty stomach leads to increased side